Viewing PostgreSQL Instance Details in Navicat Monitor 3.A Quick Guide to Naming Conventions in SQL - Part 2.A Quick Guide to Naming Conventions in SQL - Part 3.Selecting Distinct Values From a Relational Database.Implement Audit Trail Logging Using Triggers.Multi-Version Concurrency Control in PostgreSQL.A Guide to MySQL Foreign Key Constraints.Navicat Wins a DBTA Readers' Choice Award!.Joining Database Tables on Non-Foreign Key Fields.Navicat 16.3 Adds Support for Redis Cluster.What Sets Redis Apart from Other Databases.Understanding Navicat Connection Profiles. ![]()
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![]() And they will all likely need some kind of software to handle them in a scalable way and to an acceptable standard for customers. These are all key operational tasks when it comes to running a retail and/or ecommerce company. Giving all your teams one place to handle return tasks from start to finish - like creating returns, booking back into stock and processing refunds.Ĭreating and issuing invoices, taking phone orders, processing payments, and then actually fulfilling and shipping B2B orders.Įither in the system itself, or by integrating directly with specific accounting tools to push sales and inventory data across. Organizing warehouse inventory, creating automations and handling tasks like new stock put away, pick & pack, physical counts, etc. It's not unreasonable to expect a system to be able to handle:Īutomatically importing orders from all your sales channels to easily view and edit in one centralized place.ĭirectly integrating with shipping carriers to view quotes, print labels and ship orders.Ĭreating and organizing picking lists and packing tasks via either paper printouts or digital scanner. So when choosing an inventory management system, it's important to also consider what additional features it has beyond just stock control. ![]() There are many other aspects that companies might need to handle in order to run a smooth operation. Managing a retail business isn't all about inventory. Products can be grouped together to sell in kits and bundles while still maintaining an accurate central inventory figure. Stock rules can be created to show different available amounts for individual sales channels and locations. and/or can build desired integrations via an open API.Īssigns weekly inventory counting tasks to your warehouse team so stock is perpetually kept up-to-date with minimal discrepancies. Manage stock across several warehouses, stores and locations in one system.Ĭonnect the system to all necessary sales channels, POS systems, shipping carriers, accounting softwares, etc. Return orders can be handled with returned inventory easily written-off or added back into stock. Provides insightful data and analysis on sales, products and warehouses in order to make better inventory decisions going forward. System is compatible with barcode scanning to enable easier tracking and identification of products.Ĭan set up notifications and alerts to signify when a product has hit its pre-defined reorder point and needs replenishing. Purchase orders can be created and managed so stock can be replenished quickly and easily.Īll suppliers and vendors can be organized in one system, and easily contacted if purchase orders need creating, changing or chasing up. Past sales data can be used to forecast demand and plan for upcoming inventory requirements. Here’s an overview of what to look out for:Ī live, central stock figure is kept in one system, and accurately reflected across all sales channels and warehouses in real-time. So when choosing an inventory management system, retailers should ensure that all the necessary features are included. It’s important to note that systems can be very different from one another. While in the long term, they make growth easier by reducing the reliance on manual processes and individual people. In the short term, they help overcome the operational challenges associated with modern day multichannel and omnichannel ecommerce. Overall, automated inventory management systems are powerful tools for retail businesses. Less cash wasted on unnecessary inventory and storage. But using an automated, computerized system has many benefits:įaster fulfillment from being better organized. Tracking can be done via pen & paper or spreadsheets. Otherwise, items would be in complete chaos with stock consistency and fulfillment made almost impossible. Benefits of using an inventory systemĪny business selling and storing physical goods must track inventory in one way or another. Any system’s bottom line goal is to ensure the right inventory is available, in the right amounts, at the right time - with as few manual tasks involved as possible. What is an inventory management system?Īn inventory management system is a piece of software used to track inventory items in a business, and oversee all the processes involved in stock optimization. In this article, we discuss what exactly an inventory management system is, some of the features to look out for, and also how to choose the right one for your business. An inventory management system can simplify this process by automating many of the manual tasks and calculations involved. Inventory management is a phenomenally complex aspect of running a retail business. ![]() On the left-hand side, you see your storage locations. It's worth your time to poke around and get acquainted with the iA Writer's options and features, however. When you first get started, the app opens to a blank document and lets you start typing immediately. Compared with a full word processing app in an office suite, iA Writer is still minimalist. ![]() But there are no templates for getting started or prompts asking where you'd like to save your work, as you might see in other writing apps. On the other hand, you can customize the font size, highlight parts of speech in different colors, see a preview of your text in a library, and more. On the one hand, it's a text editor that supports Markdown language and offers views for focusing on your writing without getting distracted by extraneous menus and options. IA Writer is simultaneously one of the most basic writing apps you'll find and one of the more feature-rich apps in the category. A new Style Checker in iA Writer helps you avoid clichés and redundant language, among other issues. Other recent changes include improved speeds when opening Markdown files, more responsive editing of large files, and a fix to inline code that contains backticks. All processing is done on your device, according to iA Writer, so you don't have to worry about the content you write going into some unknown void. This optional tool works with English, French, and German text, and it's customizable, meaning you can add phrases or words that you want to avoid. IA Writer added a new Style Check feature since the time of my last review that dims and crosses out clichés and redundancies as you type. ![]() Another subscription-based app called WriterDuet costs $11.99 per month for the Pro version. Ulysses is $5.99 per month or $49.99 per year. Keep in mind that Scrivener is better suited for long-form work than iA Writer and includes all the necessary tools for managing the research and notes that lengthier pieces require. Tack on an additional $19.99 for its iOS app and you're looking at $70 for the pair. Scrivener charges $49 for its desktop app. Apart from iA writer's broader platform support, it also has a few features that Byword doesn't, such as the ability to highlight parts of speech on the page in various colors. All of those prices are one-time costs.Īnother distraction-free app that's similar to iA Writer is Byword this Apple-only option respectively charges a mere $10.99 and $5.99 for its desktop and mobile apps, for a combined total price of about $17. Fade In, which is billed as a low-cost alternative to Final Draft, costs $79. A similar app called ScriptStudio costs $199.95. On the high end, Final Draft, a standard in the professional screenwriting world, costs $249.99. While iA Writer's prices are higher than they once were, the comparatively lightweight app still costs less than most other options on the market. I primarily tested iA Writer's macOS app, but I installed and fiddled with the Windows app, too. You may end up needing to pay for more storage eventually, depending on what else you save to your cloud account. To sync your work across iA Writer's apps, you need to save your files to a cloud storage service, such as Dropbox or iCloud. iA Writer offers a 14-day free trial of the macOS and Windows apps, and a 30-day trial of the Android app. The company also has apps for Windows ($29.99) and Android ($29.99 or $4.99 per month). There's a mobile app for iPhones and iPads that costs an additional $29.99. The macOS app now costs $29.99, whereas it previously sold for one-third of that price. IA Writer's prices have steadily increased over the years. Lastly, Ulysses, our top pick for distraction-free writing apps, has more features than iA Writer. Final Draft is ideal for professional screenwriters because it formats your script according to industry standards. Scrivener is best for books and long academic works because it has ample tools for organizing research and other background notes. If iA Writer doesn't sound right for you-it's not for everyone-then consider one of our three Editors' Choice picks instead. Short-form writers in search of minimalism will enjoy using iA Writer, though anyone working on longer-form pieces, such as screenplays or books, may find its toolset too limited. iA Writer also offers low-cost apps for most platforms and embraces Markdown language. It eliminates nearly all the distractions found in word processing apps and helps you focus on the text. Which font do you want to write in today? What kind of line spacing looks best? If these kinds of questions distract you from putting pen to paper (or fingers to keyboard), iA Writer may be the best writing app for you. Best Hosted Endpoint Protection and Security Software. ![]() Don’t forget to run the game as administrator. If you encounter any problems, run the game as administrator and be sure to update your video drivers and have DirectX installed which you can get here.Ĭlick the download torrent button below to start your Farming Simulator 17 Free Download. Once complete, launch the game, have fun and play. ![]() Be sure to disable any form of anti virus so no files get corrupted. Double click inside the Farming Simulator 17 folder and run the “setup” application.Once Farming Simulator 17 is done downloading, right click on the torrent and select “Open Containing Folder”.If you don’t have a torrent application, click here to download uTorrent. Click the download button below and you will be asked if you want to open the torrent.Overall this game received many positive reviews and continues to be one of the best simulator games on steam.įarming Simulator 17 Torrent Instructions Players who will be transporting logs can use the tension belts to hold them down. The locations are based on American and European environments and allow you to farm, breed livestock, grow crops and sell all assets created from farming. You take role as a modern farmer in this game. Farming Simulator 17 introduces several features not seen in previous versions and features drivable trains that players can use in transporting numerous cargo of fresh produce and goods. ![]() Farming Simulator 17 is a farming simulation game with open world aspects. ![]() ![]() I purchased the current version in 2018, and have used regularly. This has been my go to camera app and photo editor since 2011 starting with the camera+ legacy app. I sent a few pictures to my friend and she asked if I was using an “expensive camera”? This also comes with a super easy to use editor that enhances your already amazing photos! If you’re trying to decide if this is worth it, I would say yes!!! Use the “Magic ML” setting (on the top center of the screen tap and select), then double tap in the middle of your screen to go into “auto” and you’re ready to go! I’m sure professional photographers know exactly how to do this, but I don’t have the knowledge or the camera. ![]() I have gorgeous mountain pictures that the technology of this app makes my clouds look like they’re 3D. My favorite part is that I can use the auto setting (great if you’re still learning or want to capture something quickly) or use custom settings. I’m trying to put into words how awesome this app is! The technology that has been created here basically covers everything! I love taking pictures but I wanted something more than what my phone camera had to offer. Thank you for considering Camera+ for your photo capturing and editing needs. In addition, Camera+ offers integration with your photo library, allowing you to edit photos in place rather than importing and exporting them. RAW image editing provides maximum flexibility for editing, and allows you to save and edit images with exacting precision. With a variety of shooting assist options and different shutter modes that include Smile mode, Stabilizer, Burst, and Timer, Camera+ makes it easy to capture the perfect shot.Ĭamera+ features a range of tools to fine-tune the exposure, boost shadows, sharpen your photos, and more. Our newest capture preset, UltraRes, allows you to intelligently upscale images using AI. Magic ML uses machine learning sorcery to automatically edit and improve your photos as you shoot. With intuitive camera presets, a variety of built-in filters, flexible editing tools, and integration with your photo library, Camera+ lets you produce stunning photos as you unleash your inner artist.Ĭamera+ offers a range of capture presets for specific purposes, including Auto mode for a simple interface, Manual and RAW modes for full control, Slow Shutter for long exposures, Macro for getting up close, and Action for tracking and capturing fast-moving subjects. Camera+: Pro Camera & Editor offers integration with your photo library, allowing you to edit photos in place rather than importing and exporting them.Ĭamera+ is the most advanced and powerful photo capturing and editing app available. ![]() We’ll also mention any Star Pieces or badges you can snag along the way. Is it just me, or did he call himself Spike, Michael and Lakilester? What an odd guy.I have to wonder just what his real name is.Like every guide in our Paper Mario 64 walkthrough, our Chapter 2 walkthrough keeps it to the point and gets you moving to your next goal without getting too stuck in the details. Max HP: 50, Attack Power: 4, Defense Power: 0 He throws Spiny Eggs. He seems to be a Lakitu, but he's the weirdest one I've seen. Values in bold are for perfectly executed action commands. ![]() Repeatedly press and at the same time to fill the gauge. Throws a lot of Spiny Eggs at all enemies.Ĭreates a cloud that boosts Mario's evasion rate. Even though it says "Lakilester" on his cloud riding license, the green-haired Spiny-tosser calls himself "Spike." You can ride with him over dangerous terrain. Once compelled to fight for the forces of Bowser, the Lakitu with a 'tude will break his bonds with King Koopa and join your team. ![]() Press to ride the cloud with him over spikes or lava. This wannabe talks like a tough guy to impress his girlfriend.Profiles and statistics Paper Mario Start Menu description Lakilester also has unused sprite data for the game. In Super Paper Mario, Lakilester appears as a Catch Card found on the ninetieth floor of the Flopside Pit of 100 Trials. Lakilester receives two letters at the Toad Town Post Office: one from Lakilulu and the other from Flight.ĭuplighosts and Lee can transform into Lakilester along with Mario's other partners, where his name appears as "Lakilester?" However, because Lakilester floats low over the ground, he cannot be used to cross gaps like Parakarry can. He moves considerably slower and his cloud's expression changes to an angry frown. Though it is entirely possible to use Lakilester to travel over lava, he visibly struggles while doing so. He can also hover over certain surfaces, such as spikes and lava, without getting hurt. By using his field ability, Mario can hop on his cloud and move much quicker. Lakilester wants to be stronger for his girlfriend, which is similar to Koops in the sequel. No matter what he answers, Lakilester thinks Mario is cool and joins the party. Puff and asks him why he is trying to save the world. Lakilester tells Mario that he is working for Huff N. Lakilester is annoyed and asks Lakilulu to call him Spike because it's his new name. After he is defeated, a female Lakitu named Lakilulu comes and asks Mario not to finish Lakilester. He introduces himself by his nickname Michael, then Spike, then attacks. In Flower Fields, after talking with the sun in his tower, Mario and his team find a Lakitu on the way to Cloudy Climb. Lakilester also has a habit of saying "man" to try and sound "cool".Ĭarrie from Super Paper Mario has a similar ability to Lakilester of being able to traverse over certain hazards and increasing movement speed. His appearance is no different than an ordinary Lakitu, besides sporting a pair of shades and having more hair than an ordinary Lakitu's 3-lined hair. This trait is later carried on with Vivian from the sequel, Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door. Lakilester joins Mario's team after he is defeated by the plumber, as well as abandoning the antagonists to do so. Lakilester is a portmanteau of "Lakitu" and "Lester", and is probably a pun on "lackluster". Lakilester (self-nicknamed Michael, Spike, and Jonathan (Japanese version only)) is a Lakitu who is the eighth and last party member to join Mario's party in Paper Mario. Super Paper Mario (as a Catch Card/picture) ( 2007) ![]() If you loath them, they are floppy, sticky, messy, unimaginative plants. If you love them you see a plant that provides loads of color all summer long and comes in just about every color under the sun. I had no idea a flower could elicit such strong feeling in such vastly different directions, but I’ve recently become away that petunias are controversial. 'Wave Petunias continue to bloom aggressively even without deadheading however, we do recommend removing wilted blooms to improve the plant's appearance,' says Kristin Winterbottom from Park Seeds.My guess is that you feel very strongly about them you probably either love them or hate them. However, wave petunias and the slightly more durable supertunias do not require deadheading. Plus, by removing the dead flowers, the plant doesn't put its energy into creating seeds and instead promotes the growth of new flowers so your displays will continue to look stunning all summer long. No-one likes looking out onto a garden of dead blooms, so knowing how to deadhead petunias and remove them is an easy way to keep your garden looking verdant and beautiful. Yes, it is necessary to deadhead most types of petunias. This will start as soon as your plant starts flowering. It will become quite clear when the bloom is past it's best as its color will be less vibrant and it will start to go slightly limp.īlooms that are older will turn brown and eventually fall off – even if the flower head fallen off, you still need to dead the remaining bud as this will turn into a seed and reduce the amount of flowers produced by the plant.Ĭheck your plant at least once a week for signs of fading petunia blooms. You should deadhead petunias as soon as the blooms start to fade. 'I find using scissors or secateurs, rather than pinching the flower by hand, and wearing gloves stops the sticky sap from getting everywhere and makes deadheading a lot more manageable,' advises keen grower and Period Living editor Melanie Griffiths. If you are growing traditional petunias then there are some solutions that make the challenge easier. Do not pull the head as this risks uprooting the plant and damaging other buds which will reduce the amount of flowers it produces and could even kill the plant.Regardless of your method it should then fall away. Either use your thumb nail and forefinger to sever the stem cleanly or use secateurs, scissors or deadheading snips. Having chosen your spot, there are two ways to remove the flower.You want to deadhead a little bit below these leaves. At the base of the flower is the sepal (it looks like little leaves) which previously encased the bud. Figure out where you pinch the petunias.The seed in the petunia is actually below the flower head, so you need to make sure you remove the seed as well as the petals.They will be limp and crumpled, some may even be brown and crispy depending on the weather and the amount of time long the flower has been left. It will also prevent your petunia from self-seeding and growing more flowers in unwanted areas of your garden.ĭeadheading petunias is fairly straightforward once you know the essentials. How to deadhead petunias: a step-by-step guideīy knowing how to deadhead petunias, you can keep your plant blooming and looking beautiful throughout the summer. Improved algorithm for more natural resultsįreeware programs can be downloaded used free of charge and without any time limitations. Added option to draw a straight line between two points using SHIFT and mouse click Significant MultiView-Inpaint feature improvements Significant object removal algorithms improvements Added New feature: Smart selection tool select an object with one click Change log not available for this version Note: Save option disabled in the demo version. Top Reasons to use this restoration software ![]() ![]() Now you can remove watermarks, date stamps and other unwanted objects in a batch mode. Multi-View allows you to remove moving objects such as vehicles, construction work, or simply other tourists from the photo by blend different areas of two or more pictures of the same scene.īatchInpaint is a batch version of the app. Just apply the Marker tool or the Magic Want tool to every problem zone and instantly see the difference! Indeed, what a wedding photo would bear redness or pimples on the bride's face? What about a prom album or a dating site? It allows you to quickly improve your skin on photos and conceal everything you don't want to show. Yet still, it wants to look better sometimes - retouch some wrinkles, remove skin defects. Just select problematic zones on the picture and fix them! This little yet capable helper will make all those frustrating defects go away with minimum efforts from your side. Happily, the digital copy of a scanned old photo can be easily retouched with Inpaint. Alas, scratches, spots, and tears are an inevitable legacy of old film photography, especially if we talking about aged pictures. Some older photos it has are still important to us as they still carry value and bring positive emotions. With merely three simple steps you can make power lines, tourists, buildings, background wreckage, and other elements vanish as if they never were there. Using the app removing objects from photos is almost as easy as taking a shot itself. A tiny object on a photo can ruin the entire composition or even make it produce the effect opposite to that you initially were hoping for. So remove it with the software! With simple and efficient tools you are able to remove any unwanted elements totally effortlessly. After all, if you gonna hang a photo on a wall, you want it to look eye-catching, not due to various visual wreckage on it. These are camera date stamps, watermarks placed by various websites, and other objects it doesn't want to be on a picture. Inpaint's Magic Wand tool allows you to select unnecessary objects or persons on a photo in literally seconds, so all you have to do then is to let Inpaint do the rest.Īside from the information it truly wants to see on photographs, there are also many not so crucial for composition if not worse. ![]() Magically remove tourists or other unwanted persons from your photoįrustrated by nasty tourists stalking back and forth and spoiling the best shots? Take them away from your photos with the program! With a few simple gestures, you will get clear, spectacular pictures, just like you intended them to be. ![]() There's no need to manually go through messing around with your old clone tool any more! Now you can use the app to easily remove all those unexpected objects that end up spoiling an otherwise really great photograph. Remove undesirable objects from your images, such as logos, watermarks, power lines, people, text, or any other undesired artifacts. Inpaint photo restoration software for PC reconstructs the selected image area from the pixels near the area boundary. Experience the future of online photo editing with Pixlr, the ultimate choice for all your image editing needs.Inpaint will magically fill the selected area with intelligently-generated textures pulled from the surrounding image data. Elevate your photo editing experience and achieve remarkable results with ease. Our advanced AI-powered photo editing features are designed to make the design process smarter, faster, and more user-friendly for you.ĭiscover the endless possibilities with the world's #1 cloud-based photo editor, Pixlr. With Pixlr, you can effortlessly remove backgrounds using our bg remover or create transparent images for your design projects with a simple tap. Achieving professional-quality photo edits has never been more intuitive and accessible. Pixlr Editor AI-powered online photo editor, empower you to unlock your creative potential with just a single click. Now, there are even more compelling reasons to choose Pixlr as your go-to solution for all your online image editing requirements, particularly when you're looking for a powerful "photo editor." Whether you're inclined towards traditional desktop-style photo editing or prefer a more contemporary approach, Pixlr has you covered. Online Photoshop by Pixlr - Free Photo Editing Tools Entertainment, Amusement, and Representation (EAR) Expense Requisites for deductibility Accrual and Cash basis = Lessee can expense the whole payment on January, claim input VAT worth 12 months on 1st quarter and the lessee must pay EWT (expanded withholding tax) worth 12 months in February.Cash = Lessee can expense the 3 months, claim input VAT on the 3 months paid and withhold only for the 3 months paid.Ĭase 2: Lessee paid in advance worth 12 months at the start of the year.However, the lessee can only claim input VAT on 3 months paid. They also need to pay the BIR the withholding tax on the claimed expense. Accrual = Lessee can claim expenses every month for the whole year provided he can substantiate it with official receipts.If there are advance payments and the payee is not a general professional partnership, the whole amount is deductible and consequently subject to VAT and Withholding Tax.Ĭase 1: Lessee paid 3 out of 12 months of the taxable year.Depends on the accounting method used (cash basis vs.These expenses shall be claimed as deductions from gross income provided these are duly substantiated by Official Receipts/Invoices issued by third-party establishments 3. Receipts incurred, paid for and issued in the name of the taxpayer shall be recorded as its own expenses for income tax purposes. Rental ExpenseĪ reasonable allowance for rentals and/or other payments which are required as a continued use or possession, for purposes of the trade, business or profession, or property to which the taxpayer has not taken or is not taking title or in which he has no equity other than that of a lessee, user or possessor. Different Expenses and Their Specific Requirements 1. The taxes required to be withheld (if applicable) have been properly withheld and remitted on time 2.Not contrary to law, morals, public policy or order (e.g., bribes, kickbacks or similar payments).Substantiated by Adequate Proof – documented by official receipts or adequate records which reflect the: (a) amount being deducted and (b) connection or relation of expense to business/trade.Should be ordinary and necessary expenses paid/incurred during the taxable year for the development, management, operation and/or conduct of the trade, business or profession such as salaries and other remuneration, travel expenses, rentals, and entertainment, amusement and recreation expenses directly related to or in furtherance of trade (see succeeding sections for more information about these expenses and their specific requirements).The following are the general requirements in order to claim deductions 1: Go back to the main article: How to Compute Your Income Tax Using the New BIR Tax Rate Table General Requirements in Claiming Deductions This article discusses itemized deductions that are commonly mistreated by taxpayers.ĭisclaimer: This article is for general information only and is not substitute for professional advice. ![]() ![]() ![]() Itemized deductions are by definition the expenses that you’re eligible to claim to decrease your taxable income. Contrary to popular belief, not all business expenses can be claimed as deductions for income tax purposes.Īs a business owner, you should know the limits, exceptions and additional requirements of certain expenses to properly claim itemized deductions. ![]() Holonyak, N., 1992, “John Bardeen and the point-contact transistor,” Phys. Hoddeson, L., et al., 1993, Critical Assembly: A Technical History of Los Alamos during the Oppenheimer Years, 1943–45 (Cambridge University Press, New York). Hoddeson, L., et al., 1992, Out of the Crystal Maze: Chapters in the History of Solid State Physics (Oxford University Press, New York). Eckert, 1987, “The development of the quantum mechanical theory of metals,” Rev. Hoddeson, L., 1981, “The discovery of the point-contact transistor,” Hist. Hoddeson, “Boris Davydov’s theoretical work on minority carriers,” n.d. Herring, C., 1992, “Recollections from the early years of solid-state physics,” Phys. Herring, C, 1957, “The significance of the transistor discovery for physics,” paper presented at a Bell Labs symposium on the Nobel prize (unpublished). W., 1987, “Solid state physics research at Purdue,” Osiris 2:3, 237–260. Shockley, 1949, “Investigation of hole injection in transistor action,” Phys. Guerlac, H., 1987, Radar in World War II (AIP Press, New York). Goldstein, A., 1993, “Finding the right material: Gordon Teal as inventor and manager,” in Sparks of Genius: Portraits of Electrical Engineering, edited by F. URSS 20, 279–282 “On the theory of solid rectifiers,” 1938, 20, 283-285.įrenkel, J., 1933, “Conduction in poor electronic conductors,” Nature (London) 132, 312–313.įrenkel, J., 1936, “On the absorption of light and the trapping of electrons and positive holes in crystalline dielectrics,” Phys. MacDonald, 1978, Revolution in Miniature: The History and Impact of Semiconductor Electronics (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge).ĭavydov, B., 1938, “On the rectification of current at the boundary between two semi-conductors,” C. Bardeen, 1948, “Nature of the forward current in germanium point contacts,” Phys. H., 1968, “Genesis of the transistor,” Phys. H., 1951, “The copper oxide rectifier,” Rev. 21780 (AT&T Archives, Warren, NJ).īrattain, W. 18194 (AT&T Archives, Warren, NJ).īrattain, W. H., 1947a, “Evidence for surface states on semiconductors from change in contact potential on illumination,” Phys. Brattain, 1949, “Physical principles involved in transistor action,” Phys. Brattain, 1948b, “The transistor, a semi-conductor triode,” Phys. Brattain, 1948a, “Three-electrode circuit element utilizing semiconductive materials,” US Patent No. 77–99 edited and reprinted in Science 126, 105-112.īardeen, J., and W. 71, 717–727.īardeen, J., 1957, “Semiconductor research leading to the point-contact transistor,” in Les Prix Nobel en 1956, edited by K. 20780 (AT&T Archives, Warren, NJ).īardeen, J., 1947, “Surface states and rectification at a metal-semi-conductor contact,” Phys. ![]() This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.īardeen, J., 1936, “Theory of the work function II: the surface double layer,” Phys. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. The transistor has aptly been called the “nerve cell” of the Information Age. ![]() These solid-state electronic devices are what have put computers in our laps and on desktops and permitted them to communicate with each other over telephone networks around the globe. Emerging in 1947 from a Bell Telephone Laboratories program of basic research on the physics of solids, it began to replace vacuum tubes in the 1950s and eventually spawned the integrated circuit and microprocessor-the heart of a semiconductor industry now generating annual sales of more than $150 billion. Arguably the most important invention of the past century, the transistor is often cited as the exemplar of how scientific research can lead to useful commercial products. |
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